The Role of Electronic Evidence in the Civil Case Evidence Process

Nikhil Joshi (1), Rohan Kumar (2), Priya Patel (3)
(1) National Institute of Technology (NIT) Trichy, Malaysia,
(2) Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, India,
(3) University of Delhi, India

Abstract

Background: The increasing reliance on digital technology has significantly impacted legal proceedings, especially in civil cases, where electronic evidence plays an increasingly central role. With the proliferation of digital communications, social media, and electronic transactions, the types of evidence available have expanded, leading to new challenges for legal professionals in managing and evaluating such evidence. Electronic evidence is now considered a crucial aspect of civil litigation, yet questions remain regarding its admissibility, reliability, and role in the broader evidence process.


Objective: This study aims to explore the role of electronic evidence in the civil case evidence process, focusing on its impact on case outcomes, the challenges associated with its handling, and its integration into traditional legal frameworks.


Method: A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing case studies, legal documents, and expert interviews. The data was analyzed to examine the practical applications of electronic evidence in civil cases and the associated legal and procedural challenges.


Results: The findings reveal that while electronic evidence is essential in modern civil litigation, it often faces challenges in terms of authentication, privacy concerns, and its acceptance in court. The study also found that the increasing complexity of digital evidence requires enhanced legal procedures for handling and presenting such evidence effectively.


Conclusion: Electronic evidence plays a pivotal role in civil litigation, but its integration into the evidence process requires further legal refinement to address emerging challenges effectively.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Antsygina, A., & Kurmangaliyeva, M. (2022). Settlements under unequal access to justice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 193, 237–268. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.11.020

Azarova, E. S., & Tretyakov, Y. V. (2024). Judicial Discretion in Civil Disputes Over Defense of Investors’ Rights. Dalam Intell. Syst. Ref. Libr. (Vol. 250, hlm. 329–334). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51536-1_31

Braman, E. (2023). Research on Cognitive Shortcomings in Comparative Judicial Behaviour. Dalam The Oxford Handb. Of Comparative Judicial Behaviour (hlm. 223–244). Oxford University Press; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192898579.013.11

Burman, B. C., Kotze, G. P., & Chan, L. (2018). Lane Cove Tunnel collapse and sinkhole a forensic review—1: The collapse. Australian Geomechanics Journal, 53(4), 21–32. Scopus.

Cartwright, A., Roach, J., & Armitage, R. (2019). Mission impossible? Assessing the veracity of a mental health problem as result of a road traffic accident: A preliminary review of UK experts’ practices. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 30(1), 89–111. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2018.1502338

Chvankin, S. (2021). JUDICIAL PROVING IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS IN THE AGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES. Evropsky Politicky a Pravni Diskurz, 8(3), 160–168. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.46340/eppd.2021.8.3.21

Cui, W., & Wang, Z. (2017). The Selection of Litigation against Government Agencies: Evidence from China. Review of Law and Economics, 13(3). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1515/rle-2016-0054

deHaan, E., Kedia, S., Koh, K., & Rajgopal, S. (2015). The revolving door and the SEC’s enforcement outcomes: Initial evidence from civil litigation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 60(2–3), 65–96. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2015.07.010

Gelbach, J. B., & Hensler, D. R. (2025). Pulling Back the Curtain on the Federal Class Action. Journal of Tort Law. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1515/jtl-2025-0002

Higgins, A. (2020). Keep calm and keep litigating. Dalam The Civil Procedure Rules at 20 (hlm. 25–53). Oxford University Press; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863182.003.0002

Higgins, A. A. (2019). The Rule of Law Case against Inconsistency and in Favour of Mandatory Civil Legal Process. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 39(4), 725–750. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqz015

Kahn, J. (2017). Terrorist watchlists. Dalam The Camb. Handb. Of Surveillance Law (hlm. 71–100). Cambridge University Press; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316481127.004

Lee, J.-S. (2022). Simulating Competitive Bidding in Construction Collusive Bidding Cases. Journal of Management in Engineering, 38(5). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0001081

McIntyre, J., & Neudorf, L. (2016). Judicial review reform: Avoiding effective review through procedural means? Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal, 16(1), 65–99. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729342.2016.1211613

McQuoid-Mason, D. J. (2022). Liability of doctors based on negligence for culpable homicide: No need to change the law concerning medical negligence or to establish special medical malpractice courts—Use mediation and medical assessors instead. South African Medical Journal, 112(3), 216–218. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.7196/samj.2022.v112i3.16370

Musakhonovich, M. M., Esirgapovich, E. A., Jaelani, A. K., Wan Khairuldin, W. M. K. F., & Luthviati, R. D. (2024). The Protection of Labor Rights on the Court System. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 4(3), 742–764. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i1.115

On?anu, E. A. (2022). Normalising the use of electronic evidence: Bringing technology use into a familiar normative path in civil procedure. Onati Socio-Legal Series, 12(3), 582–613. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.35295/OSLS.IISL/0000-0000-0000-1304

Onwuachi-Willig, A., & Alfieri, A. V. (2022). RACIAL TRAUMA IN CIVIL RIGHTS REPRESENTATION. Michigan Law Review, 120(8), 1701–1753. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.120.8.racial

Pustilnik, A. (2024). The brain in court: From neuroscience “revolution” to neurotech upgrade? Dalam Research Handb. On Law and Psychology (hlm. 169–181). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800881921.00020

Severini, G., Sandoval, R. C., Sóñora, G., Sosa, P., Gutkowski, P., Severini, L., Valdivia, V., & Sebrié, E. M. (2022). Towards a smoke-free world? South America became the first 100% smoke-free subregion in the Americas. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 46, 1–9. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.103

Sinnar, S. (2018). Procedural experimentation and national security in the courts. California Law Review, 106(4), 991–1060. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z382B8VC0B

Thomas, P. F. (2016). The Law’s Infl uence on Change in the Evidentiary Rules and in the Realm of Sentencing Mitigation. Dalam Bearing Witness to Change: Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology Practice (hlm. 31–40). Taylor and Francis; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315380247-9

Tran, Q. A. (2022). The Admission of Electronic Evidence in Civil and Arbitral Proceedings. Dalam Eur. Yearb. Int. Econ. Law. (Vol. 27, hlm. 211–231). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18572-4_8

Uzelac, A., & Voet, S. (2025). The heroes of the judicial periphery: Court experts, court clerks, and other actors in the shadows. Dalam The Heroes of the Judic. Peripher.: Court Expert., Court Clerks, and Other Actors in the Shadows (hlm. 385). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.; Scopus. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105000388351&partnerID=40&md5=67630b0e8b4ad4f11c033613943d55c1

Vosk, T., & Sapir, G. (2021). Metrology, Jury Voir Dire and Scientific Evidence in Litigation. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine, 24(1), 10–16. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2021.9354088

Wang, H., & Zhang, Z. (2023). Looking Backwards, Looking Forwards: Environmental Public Interest Litigation in Soil Pollution Law. Dalam Environmental Public Interest Litig. In China (hlm. 297–326). Springer International Publishing; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26526-6_14

Wang, Y., Guo, J., Gao, S., Wang, Y., Liu, Q., Liu, J., & Zhou, X. (2024). The prospects of judicial social work for incapacitated older adults: Evidence on how Chinese social workers may contribute. International Journal of Social Welfare, 33(1), 123–136. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12590

Yang, W.-P., & Chen, Y.-F. (2021). Legal risk management in nursing practice: The importance of duty of care. Journal of Nursing, 68(4), 6–13. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.6224/JN.202108_68(4).02

Zeigler, A. D., & Rojas, E. F. (2016). Preserving Electronic Evidence for Trial: A Team Approach to the Litigation Hold, Data Collection, and Evidence Preservation. Dalam Preserving Electronic Evidence for Trial: A Team Approach to the Litigation Hold, Data Collection, and Evidence Preservation (hlm. 176). Elsevier; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-03646-5

Zhang, C. (2023). Win in Chinese courts: Practice guide to civil litigation in China. Dalam Win in Chin. Courts: Practice Guide to Civil Litigation in China (hlm. 166). Springer Nature; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/9789819933426

Zhang, T., Zeng, X., & Liu, Z. (2021). Modeling Workflow for Judicial Business Processes: A Use Case Driven Method. Int. Conf. Inf. Manag., ICIM, 45–56. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIM52229.2021.9417044

Authors

Nikhil Joshi
nikhiljoshi@gmail.com (Primary Contact)
Rohan Kumar
Priya Patel
Joshi, N. ., Kumar, R., & Patel, P. (2025). The Role of Electronic Evidence in the Civil Case Evidence Process. Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law, 3(1), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.70177/rjl.v3i1.2090

Article Details

International Environmental Law and Climate Change Mitigation Efforts

Kemmala Dewi, Harmono Harmono, Sun Wei, Liu Yang, Benny Novico Zani
Abstract View : 271
Download :88

Protection of Citizens’ Constitutional Rights in the Digital Era

Mohamad Sigit Gunawan, Luis Santos, Josefa Flores
Abstract View : 119
Download :56