The Effect of Counselor Training Programs on the Quality of Interventions in Schools
Abstract
The quality of school counseling interventions is a critical factor in supporting students’ academic, social, and emotional development. Effective counselor training programs are essential for equipping school counselors with the skills and knowledge needed to address diverse student needs. Despite the importance of training, there is limited empirical evidence on the direct impact of such programs on the quality of counseling interventions. This study examines the effect of counselor training programs on intervention quality in schools, focusing on professional competence, intervention outcomes, and counselor confidence. The research aims to evaluate how participation in structured training programs influences the effectiveness of school counselors in delivering interventions. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining pre- and post-training surveys, in-depth interviews, and observational analysis. The study involved 150 school counselors across 20 schools, with data analyzed using thematic coding and statistical comparison of intervention outcomes. The findings reveal that participation in training programs significantly improves counselors’ confidence and professional competence, leading to enhanced intervention quality. Key improvements were observed in communication skills, problem-solving strategies, and the ability to tailor interventions to individual student needs. The study concludes that investing in counselor training programs has a substantial positive impact on the overall quality of school counseling services.
Full text article
References
Ahmed, M. Z., Ahmed, O., Aibao, Z., Hanbin, S., Siyu, L., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated Psychological Problems. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092
Al-Makki, A., DiPette, D., Whelton, P. K., Murad, M. H., Mustafa, R. A., Acharya, S., Beheiry, H. M., Champagne, B., Connell, K., Cooney, M. T., Ezeigwe, N., Gaziano, T. A., Gidio, A., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Khan, U. I., Kumarapeli, V., Moran, A. E., Silwimba, M. M., Rayner, B., … Khan, T. (2022). Hypertension Pharmacological Treatment in Adults: A World Health Organization Guideline Executive Summary. Hypertension, 79(1), 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18192
Ambrosetti, M., Abreu, A., Corrà, U., Davos, C. H., Hansen, D., Frederix, I., Iliou, M. C., Pedretti, R. F. E., Schmid, J.-P., Vigorito, C., Voller, H., Wilhelm, M., Piepoli, M. F., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Berger, T., Cohen-Solal, A., Cornelissen, V., Dendale, P., Doehner, W., … Zwisler, A.-D. O. (2021). Secondary prevention through comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation: From knowledge to implementation. 2020 update. A position paper from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 28(5), 460–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487320913379
American Diabetes Association. (2020). 14. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care, 43(Supplement_1), S183–S192. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S014
American Diabetes Association. (2021). 3. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021. Diabetes Care, 44(Supplement_1), S34–S39. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S003
Arbelo, E., Protonotarios, A., Gimeno, J. R., Arbustini, E., Barriales-Villa, R., Basso, C., Bezzina, C. R., Biagini, E., Blom, N. A., De Boer, R. A., De Winter, T., Elliott, P. M., Flather, M., Garcia-Pavia, P., Haugaa, K. H., Ingles, J., Jurcut, R. O., Klaassen, S., Limongelli, G., … Zeppenfeld, K. (2023). 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. European Heart Journal, 44(37), 3503–3626. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad194
Authors/Task Force Members:, McDonagh, T. A., Metra, M., Adamo, M., Gardner, R. S., Baumbach, A., Böhm, M., Burri, H., Butler, J., ?elutkien?, J., Chioncel, O., Cleland, J. G. F., Coats, A. J. S., Crespo?Leiro, M. G., Farmakis, D., Gilard, M., Heymans, S., Hoes, A. W., Jaarsma, T., … ESC Scientific Document Group. (2022). 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Journal of Heart Failure, 24(1), 4–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2333
Aziz, A., Zork, N., Aubey, J. J., Baptiste, C. D., D’Alton, M. E., Emeruwa, U. N., Fuchs, K. M., Goffman, D., Gyamfi-Bannerman, C., Haythe, J. H., LaSala, A. P., Madden, N., Miller, E. C., Miller, R. S., Monk, C., Moroz, L., Ona, S., Ring, L. E., Sheen, J.-J., … Friedman, A. M. (2020). Telehealth for High-Risk Pregnancies in the Setting of the COVID-19 Pandemic. American Journal of Perinatology, 37(08), 800–808. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712121
Berberich, A. J., & Hegele, R. A. (2022). A Modern Approach to Dyslipidemia. Endocrine Reviews, 43(4), 611–653. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnab037
Berkel, A. E. M., Bongers, B. C., Kotte, H., Weltevreden, P., De Jongh, F. H. C., Eijsvogel, M. M. M., Wymenga, M., Bigirwamungu-Bargeman, M., Van Der Palen, J., Van Det, M. J., Van Meeteren, N. L. U., & Klaase, J. M. (2022). Effects of Community-based Exercise Prehabilitation for Patients Scheduled for Colorectal Surgery With High Risk for Postoperative Complications: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Annals of Surgery, 275(2), e299–e306. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004702
Bernabei, R., Landi, F., Calvani, R., Cesari, M., Del Signore, S., Anker, S. D., Bejuit, R., Bordes, P., Cherubini, A., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Di Bari, M., Friede, T., Gorostiaga Ayestarán, C., Goyeau, H., Jónsson, P. V., Kashiwa, M., Lattanzio, F., Maggio, M., Mariotti, L., … Marzetti, E. (2022). Multicomponent intervention to prevent mobility disability in frail older adults: Randomised controlled trial (SPRINTT project). BMJ, e068788. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-068788
Black, C. J., Thakur, E. R., Houghton, L. A., Quigley, E. M. M., Moayyedi, P., & Ford, A. C. (2020). Efficacy of psychological therapies for irritable bowel syndrome: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Gut, 69(8), 1441–1451. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321191
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern?based qualitative analytic approaches. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 21(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12360
Chung, W. K., Erion, K., Florez, J. C., Hattersley, A. T., Hivert, M.-F., Lee, C. G., McCarthy, M. I., Nolan, J. J., Norris, J. M., Pearson, E. R., Philipson, L., McElvaine, A. T., Cefalu, W. T., Rich, S. S., & Franks, P. W. (2020). Precision Medicine in Diabetes: A Consensus Report From the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care, 43(7), 1617–1635. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci20-0022
Crimarco, A., Springfield, S., Petlura, C., Streaty, T., Cunanan, K., Lee, J., Fielding-Singh, P., Carter, M. M., Topf, M. A., Wastyk, H. C., Sonnenburg, E. D., Sonnenburg, J. L., & Gardner, C. D. (2020). A randomized crossover trial on the effect of plant-based compared with animal-based meat on trimethylamine-N-oxide and cardiovascular disease risk factors in generally healthy adults: Study With Appetizing Plantfood—Meat Eating Alternative Trial (SWAP-MEAT). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 112(5), 1188–1199. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa203
Fontham, E. T. H., Wolf, A. M. D., Church, T. R., Etzioni, R., Flowers, C. R., Herzig, A., Guerra, C. E., Oeffinger, K. C., Shih, Y. T., Walter, L. C., Kim, J. J., Andrews, K. S., DeSantis, C. E., Fedewa, S. A., Manassaram?Baptiste, D., Saslow, D., Wender, R. C., & Smith, R. A. (2020). Cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk: 2020 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70(5), 321–346. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21628
Garcia?Pavia, P., Rapezzi, C., Adler, Y., Arad, M., Basso, C., Brucato, A., Burazor, I., Caforio, A. L. P., Damy, T., Eriksson, U., Fontana, M., Gillmore, J. D., Gonzalez?Lopez, E., Grogan, M., Heymans, S., Imazio, M., Kindermann, I., Kristen, A. V., Maurer, M. S., … Linhart, A. (2021). Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis. A position statement of the European Society of Cardiology W orking G roup on M yocardial and P ericardial D iseases. European Journal of Heart Failure, 23(4), 512–526. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2140
Ghany, M. G., Morgan, T. R., & AASLD?IDSA Hepatitis C Guidance Panel. (2020). Hepatitis C Guidance 2019 Update: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases–Infectious Diseases Society of America Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Hepatology, 71(2), 686–721. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31060
Gloeckl, R., Leitl, D., Jarosch, I., Schneeberger, T., Nell, C., Stenzel, N., Vogelmeier, C. F., Kenn, K., & Koczulla, A. R. (2021). Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in COVID-19: A prospective observational cohort study. ERJ Open Research, 7(2), 00108–02021. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00108-2021
Horak, P., Heining, C., Kreutzfeldt, S., Hutter, B., Mock, A., Hüllein, J., Fröhlich, M., Uhrig, S., Jahn, A., Rump, A., Gieldon, L., Möhrmann, L., Hanf, D., Teleanu, V., Heilig, C. E., Lipka, D. B., Allgäuer, M., Ruhnke, L., Laßmann, A., … Fröhling, S. (2021). Comprehensive Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis for Guiding Therapeutic Decisions in Patients with Rare Cancers. Cancer Discovery, 11(11), 2780–2795. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0126
Iyengar, K., Upadhyaya, G. K., Vaishya, R., & Jain, V. (2020). COVID-19 and applications of smartphone technology in the current pandemic. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(5), 733–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.033
Kalkbrenner, M. T. (2023). Alpha, Omega, and H Internal Consistency Reliability Estimates: Reviewing These Options and When to Use Them. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 14(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501378.2021.1940118
Kang, L., Ma, S., Chen, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Li, R., Yao, L., Bai, H., Cai, Z., Xiang Yang, B., Hu, S., Zhang, K., Wang, G., Ma, C., & Liu, Z. (2020). Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
Labaki, W. W., & Rosenberg, S. R. (2020). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(3), ITC17–ITC32. https://doi.org/10.7326/AITC202008040
Mack, C. L., Adams, D., Assis, D. N., Kerkar, N., Manns, M. P., Mayo, M. J., Vierling, J. M., Alsawas, M., Murad, M. H., & Czaja, A. J. (2020). Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Adults and Children: 2019 Practice Guidance and Guidelines From the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology, 72(2), 671–722. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31065
McDonald, V. M., Clark, V. L., Cordova-Rivera, L., Wark, P. A. B., Baines, K. J., & Gibson, P. G. (2020). Targeting treatable traits in severe asthma: A randomised controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal, 55(3), 1901509. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01509-2019
Mehta, L. S., Warnes, C. A., Bradley, E., Burton, T., Economy, K., Mehran, R., Safdar, B., Sharma, G., Wood, M., Valente, A. M., Volgman, A. S., & On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Stroke Council. (2020). Cardiovascular Considerations in Caring for Pregnant Patients: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 141(23). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000772
Neuberger, J., Patel, J., Caldwell, H., Davies, S., Hebditch, V., Hollywood, C., Hubscher, S., Karkhanis, S., Lester, W., Roslund, N., West, R., Wyatt, J. I., & Heydtmann, M. (2020). Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice from the British Society of Gastroenterology, the Royal College of Radiologists and the Royal College of Pathology. Gut, 69(8), 1382–1403. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321299
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Sammaritano, L. R., Bermas, B. L., Chakravarty, E. E., Chambers, C., Clowse, M. E. B., Lockshin, M. D., Marder, W., Guyatt, G., Branch, D. W., Buyon, J., Christopher?Stine, L., Crow?Hercher, R., Cush, J., Druzin, M., Kavanaugh, A., Laskin, C. A., Plante, L., Salmon, J., Simard, J., … D’Anci, K. E. (2020). 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Reproductive Health in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 72(4), 529–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.41191
Schaper, N. C., Van Netten, J. J., Apelqvist, J., Bus, S. A., Hinchliffe, R. J., Lipsky, B. A., & IWGDF Editorial Board. (2020). Practical Guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 36(S1), e3266. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3266
Schepman, A., & Rodway, P. (2020). Initial validation of the general attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 1, 100014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100014
Shechter, A., Diaz, F., Moise, N., Anstey, D. E., Ye, S., Agarwal, S., Birk, J. L., Brodie, D., Cannone, D. E., Chang, B., Claassen, J., Cornelius, T., Derby, L., Dong, M., Givens, R. C., Hochman, B., Homma, S., Kronish, I. M., Lee, S. A. J., … Abdalla, M. (2020). Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among New York healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. General Hospital Psychiatry, 66, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007
Smith, E. D., Lakdawala, N. K., Papoutsidakis, N., Aubert, G., Mazzanti, A., McCanta, A. C., Agarwal, P. P., Arscott, P., Dellefave-Castillo, L. M., Vorovich, E. E., Nutakki, K., Wilsbacher, L. D., Priori, S. G., Jacoby, D. L., McNally, E. M., & Helms, A. S. (2020). Desmoplakin Cardiomyopathy, a Fibrotic and Inflammatory Form of Cardiomyopathy Distinct From Typical Dilated or Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy. Circulation, 141(23), 1872–1884. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044934
Suryavanshi, N., Kadam, A., Dhumal, G., Nimkar, S., Mave, V., Gupta, A., Cox, S. R., & Gupte, N. (2020). Mental health and quality of life among healthcare professionals during the COVID?19 pandemic in India. Brain and Behavior, 10(11), e01837. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1837
Wainwright, T. W., Gill, M., McDonald, D. A., Middleton, R. G., Reed, M., Sahota, O., Yates, P., & Ljungqvist, O. (2020). Consensus statement for perioperative care in total hip replacement and total knee replacement surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS® ) Society recommendations. Acta Orthopaedica, 91(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453674.2019.1683790
Wilding, J. P. H., Batterham, R. L., Davies, M., Van Gaal, L. F., Kandler, K., Konakli, K., Lingvay, I., McGowan, B. M., Oral, T. K., Rosenstock, J., Wadden, T. A., Wharton, S., Yokote, K., Kushner, R. F., & STEP 1 Study Group. (2022). Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 24(8), 1553–1564. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14725
Authors
Copyright (c) 2025 Siska Putri Belangi, Zain Nizam, Rashid Rahman, Nong Chai

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.