Toxic Masculinity: Negative Attitudes Towards Gender-Based Professions

Mutiah Silmi Syarifah (1), Suryanto Suryanto (2), Dyan Evita Santi (3)
(1) Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya, Indonesia,
(2) Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia,
(3) Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya, Indonesia

Abstract

Masculinity is a male characteristic in men which is not externally innate but is shaped by the culture in which one lives. Due to societal stigma, men have to do manly jobs or professions to be seen as complete men. Excessive stigma against traditional masculinity also gives rise to toxic masculinity, which is a social norm that considers how men should behave based on existing standards of traditional masculinity. on local culture. This research aims to analyze the impact and solutions for negative attitudes towards gender-based professions. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with two adult male participants who work across gender. The research results show that the phenomenon of toxic masculinity has an impact on men who are victims of masculinity. However, this can be minimized for victims by developing personal abilities, focusing on goals and getting support from the closest environment.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Anidi, O. C. (2024). Flora Nwapa’s Efuru and toxic masculinity in Igbo Nigerian society. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 10. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101055

Arvan, M. (2024). Doing Masculinity Better. Dalam Ted Lasso and Philosophy: No Question is into Touch (hlm. 96–104). wiley. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119891963.ch10

Beyer, C. (2024). Crime fiction in the age of #MeToo. Dalam Crime Fict. In the Age of #MeToo (hlm. 185). Anthem Press. Scopus. Diambil dari https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85215654339&partnerID=40&md5=47279b342cec8d01eb75160acc0e215a

Blockett, R. A., Hutchings, Q. R., Brown, J., & Patton Davis, L. (2024). Black Queer Men Transgressing Masculine Normativity. Journal of Higher Education. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2024.2330850

Brahmana, K. M. (2020). Gender Role Conflict of Pastors’ Husbands at Batak Karo Protestant Church. Jurnal Psikologi Universitas HKBP Nommensen, 7(1), 11–20.

Close, S. (2024). Esports Cannot Defeat Homophobia With Capitalism. Games and Culture, 19(7), 916–932. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120231181462

Clue, N. L. (2024). Blue beard’s descendants: The resonance of toxic masculinity in modern storytelling. Dalam Gender and the Male Character in 21st Century Fairy Tale Narrat.: From Enchanted Heroes to Modern Masculi. (hlm. 109–121). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83753-788-420241010

Darvin, L., Gray, C., Baker, T., Wells, J., & Holden, J. (2024). Development of the hostility and inclusion in gaming scale (HIGS): A gender-based analysis. Technology in Society, 79. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102711

Darwin, M. (1999). MASKULINITAS: Posisi Laki-laki dalam Masyarakat Patriarkis. Center for Population and Policy Studies Gajah Mada University, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.30996/.v4i02.1735

Dennie, M., Macdonald, C., & Sutherland, A. (2024). ‘BIG BOY BULLYING’: THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF HAZING, MASCULINITY AND CONSENT IN THE CANADIAN HOCKEY LEAGUE. Dalam Res. Sociol. Sport (Vol. 23, hlm. 83–102). Emerald Publishing. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1476-285420240000023006

Deslippe, A. L., Middleton, G., Wu, O. Y., Bergeron, C., & Cohen, T. R. (2024). Exploring adolescents’ experiences navigating the intersection of their gender, sport, and dietary identities: An interpretative phenomenological study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1524135

Hasyim, N. (2017). Kajian Maskulinitas dan Masa Depan Kajian Gender dan Pembangunan di Indonesia. JSW (Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo), 1(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.21580/jsw.2017.1.1.1938

Hatendi, C. M. (2024). Changing masculinities and femininities for Zimbabwe’s development: A philosophical examination. Dalam The Palgrave Handb. Of Afr. Men and Masculinities (hlm. 589–604). Springer International Publishing. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49167-2_30

Israpil, I. (2017). Budaya Patriarki dan Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan (Sejarah dan Perkembangannya). Jurnal Pusaka, 5(2), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.31969/pusaka.v5i2.176

Jalil, A. & Aminah, S. (2020). Gender Dalam Perspektif Budaya Dan Bahasa. Jurnal Al-Maiyyah, 11(2).

Jarratt, S. C. (2024). “A DEEP RELATIONALITY”: Reflections on Feminist Rhetoric from a Men’s Prison. Dalam The Routledge Handb. Of Contemporary Feminist Rhetoric (hlm. 353–360). Taylor and Francis. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003401636-44

Kachel, S., Bloch, T., Bosson, J. K., Lorenz, L. L., & Steffens, M. C. (2024). Gaining masculine power through guns? The impact of masculinity threat on attitudes toward guns. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1296261

Kennedy-Kollar, D. (2024). Extremism and Radicalization in the Manosphere: Beta Uprising. Dalam Extremism and Radicalization in the Man.: Beta Uprising (hlm. 141). Taylor and Francis. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032631080

Lindner, S., & Vargas, J. (2024). “I Made a Good Man List”: Transmasculine Negotiations With Hegemonic Masculinity. Psychology of Men and Masculinity. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000507

Luger, J. (2024). God’s Viral Warriors Christian Nationalism, Masculinity, and the Representation of Self. Journal of Bodies, Sexualities, and Masculinities, 5(1 Special issue), 35–58. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.3167/jbsm.2024.050104

Lutfiana Ambarwati, D., & Zuliastutik, H. (2022). Pengaruh Perubahan Perilaku Afektif terhadap Perilaku Tokoh Utama dalam Anime Honzuki no Gekokujou Season 1 Karya Miya Kazuki. Ayumi?: Jurnal Budaya, Bahasa dan Sastra, 9(2), 101–119. https://doi.org/10.25139/ayumi.v9i2.4863

Maloney, M., Jones, C., & Roberts, S. (2024). “I Can Choose to be a Good Man Even if I Got a Raw Deal”: Neoliberal Heteromasculinity as Manosphere Counter Narrative in r/Stoicism. Social Media and Society, 10(3). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241274677

Maloney, M., Roberts, S., & Jones, C. (2024). ‘How do I become blue pilled?’: Masculine ontological insecurity on 4chan’s advice board. New Media and Society, 26(6), 3307–3326. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221103124

Mati?, A. (2024). Aldous Huxley’s Short Fiction. Dalam Aldous Huxley’s Short Fiction (hlm. 187). Springer Nature. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55775-0

Maysarah, M. M. (2019). Posisi Perempuan Dalam Konflik di Keluarga ( Tinjuan Agama Terhadap Gender ). Al-Adyan, 6, 1.

Mkwananzi, S., & Nathane-Taulela, M. (2024). Gender-based violence and femicide interventions-perspectives from community members and activists in South Africa. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health, 5. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2024.1199743

Msiza, V., & Msibi, T. (2024). “I had to be a mother”: Foundation phase male teachers negotiating masculinity in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. Educational Review. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2024.2398045

Nadira, N. D., Danadharta, I., & Ayoda, B. P. (2024). Analisis Resepsi Mahasiswa Ilkom Untag Terhadap Pesan Toxic Masculinity Melalui Foto Instagram Jefri Nichol. Sintesa: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Komunikasi, 3(1), 80–94.

Parke, J. J. (2024). I would rather be a cyborg than a Barbie: Hyperfeminine nostalgia and patriarchal futurity in Barbie. Feminist Theory, 25(4), 565–579. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/14647001241291436

Pearson, E. (2024). Extreme Britain: Gender, masculinity and radicalization. Dalam Extrem. Br.: Gend., Masc. And Radicalization (hlm. 402). Oxford University Press. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197772072.001.0001

Pérez, J. (2024). A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words: Aging, Inclusive Masculinities, and Media Celebrity. Romance Quarterly, 71(1), 62–73. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/08831157.2023.2294504

Petersson, C. C., & Plantin, L. (2019). Breaking with Norms of Masculinity: Men Making Sense of Their Experience of Sexual Assault. Clinical Social Work Journal, 47(4), 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00699-y

Poucke, M. V. (2024). ‘Do not parade your ignorance’: Negation as a power tool of toxic geek masculinity. SN Social Sciences, 4(2). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-024-00842-8

Pratama, A. (2016). Pengaruh Terpaan Informasi Kemasan Rokok terhadap Minat Merokok Pelajar. Jurnal The Messenger, 8(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v8i1.305

Prayitno, P. H., Norman, M. H., Annisya, A., Sulistyorini, A., & Fibrianto, A. S. (2024). Factor Influencing of Toxic Masculinity on Young and Adult Productivity: A Systematic Review. Dalam Contrib. Manag. Sci.: Vol. Part F2529 (hlm. 691–700). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48770-5_55

Qiao, X. (2024). Deprivation and disruption: The development of narcissistic vulnerability and toxic masculinity in some Chinese contexts. Psychoanalysis, Self and Context. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/24720038.2024.2398679

Rifai, A., Ahmadi, A., & Rengganis, R. (2022). Laki-laki Madura dalam Kumpulan Esai Madura Niskala Karya Royyan Julian Studi: Maskulinitas. Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, 8(3), 1894–1910. https://doi.org/10.58258/jime.v8i3.3542

Schüßler, M. (2024). Conflicting Masculinities in Christianity: Experiences and Critical Reflections on Gender and Religion. Dalam Pathw. Ecum. Interrelig. Dialog.: Vol. Part F2872 (hlm. 139–158). Springer Nature. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56019-4_9

Soto-Sanfiel, M. T., & Sánchez-Soriano, J.-J. (2024). Absence and Distortion in the Self-Representation of LGBTQ+ Narratives. Journal of Homosexuality, 71(4), 1071–1098. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2161083

Stevens, V. (2024). ‘I Never Got Out of that Locker Room’, an Autoethnography on Sexual Abuse in Organized Sports. Young, 32(4), 423–439. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/11033088231198607

Subandi, Z. E., & Yessica, Lady. (2023). Pengaruh Intensitas Menonton dan Pesan Kampanye Lingkungan Terhadap Perubahan Sikap (Studi Eksplanatif Followers @Kolling1622). Jurnal Ikrat-Ekonomika, 6(2), 399–406.

Supriyadi, & Prayoga, R. A. (2022). Pengaruh Maskulinitas dan Inovasi Konsumen Terhadap Orientasi Belanja. Prosiding FRIMA (Festival Riset Ilmiah Manajemen dan Akuntansi), 6681(3), 653–671. https://doi.org/10.55916/frima.v0i3.329

Twine, R. (2024). ECOMASCULINITIES, BOYHOODS AND CRITICAL ANIMAL PEDAGOGY. Dalam The Routledge Companion to Gend. And Animals (hlm. 437–448). Taylor and Francis. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003273400-36

Usman J., M. I. (2022). Relevansi Budaya Patriarki Dengan Birokrasi Pemerintahan Pada Dinas Perhubungan Kota Makassar. JPPM: Journal of Public Policy and Management, 4(1), 11–20.

Webster, M. (2024). Gendered stereotypes of the male witch in selected children’s film and fiction. Dalam Gender and the Male Character in 21st Century Fairy Tale Narrat.: From Enchanted Heroes to Modern Masculi. (hlm. 7–18). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83753-788-420241002

Williams, S. K., Rock, M., & Lim, B. (2024). Environmental factors and alteration of sex ratios: Why is it important? BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 131(5), 651–652. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17700

Yakal?, D. (2024). “He is just Ken:” deconstructing hegemonic masculinity in Barbie (2023 Movie). Frontiers in Sociology, 9. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2024.1320774

Young, W. (2024). Inverting the Gender Pyramid. Dalam Ted Lasso and Philosophy: No Question is into Touch (hlm. 105–115). wiley. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119891963.ch11

Authors

Mutiah Silmi Syarifah
tiassyarifah@gmail.com (Primary Contact)
Suryanto Suryanto
Dyan Evita Santi
Syarifah, M. S., Suryanto, S., & Santi, D. E. (2024). Toxic Masculinity: Negative Attitudes Towards Gender-Based Professions. International Journal of Educatio Elementaria and Psychologia, 1(5), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.70177/ijeep.v1i5.1305

Article Details